Patient References

  1. American Heart Association. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Symptoms. Updated October 15, 2024. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-symptoms
  2. Duff S, Mafilios MS, Bhounsule P, Hasegawa JT. The burden of critical limb ischemia: a review of recent literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2019;15:187–208. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S209241
  3. Allison MA, Armstrong DG, Goodney PP, et al. Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(3). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153
  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Peripheral Artery Disease: Causes and Risk Factors. Updated March 24, 2022. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/causes
  5. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Peripheral Artery Disease Symptoms. Updated March 24, 2022. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/symptoms
  6. Holder TA, Aday AW. Symptom progression in peripheral artery disease: sounding the alarm for cardiovascular risk. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(10):e010021. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.010021
  7. Society for Vascular Surgery. Understanding High Blood Pressure. Updated 2025. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://vascular.org/patient-resources/vascular-conditions/high-blood-pressure
  8. American Heart Association. Understand your risk for PAD. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/understand-your-risk-for-pad. Published October 15, 2024. Accessed September 9, 2025.
  9. Serra R, Bracale UM, Ielapi N, et al. The impact of chronic kidney disease on peripheral artery disease and peripheral revascularization. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:3749–3759. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S322417
  10. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is Peripheral Artery Disease? Updated March 24, 2022. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease
  11. American Heart Association. Diagnosing PAD. Updated October 15, 2024. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/diagnosing-pad
  12. American Heart Association. Peripheral Angiogram. Updated October 15, 2024. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/diagnosing-pad/peripheral-angiogram
  13. American Heart Association. Prevention and Treatment of PAD. Updated October 15, 2024. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/prevention-and-treatment
  14. Ward R, Dunn J, Clavijo L, Shavelle D, Rowe V, Woo K. Outcomes of critical limb ischemia in an urban, safety net hospital population with high WIfI amputation scores. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016;38:84–89. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.08.005. PMCID: PMC5521961.
  15. S. Food and Drug Administration. Paclitaxel-coated balloons and stents for peripheral arterial disease. FDA. Published July 11, 2023. Accessed July 21, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/products-and-medical-procedures/paclitaxel-coated-balloons-and-stents-peripheral-arterial-disease
  16. Sigvant B, Lundin F, Wahlberg E. The risk of disease progression in peripheral arterial disease is higher than expected: a meta-analysis of mortality and disease progression in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;51(3):395–403. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.10.022.
  17. Maitrias P, Deltombe G, Molin V, Reix T. Iliofemoral endarterectomy associated with systematic iliac stent grafting for the treatment of severe iliofemoral occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2017;65(2):406-413. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2016.07.130
  18. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Living with Peripheral Artery Disease. Updated March 24, 2022. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/living-with
  19. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Peripheral Artery Disease: Treatment. Updated March 24, 2022. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/treatment
  20. Fatima SZ. Life of an amputee: predictors of quality of life after lower limb amputation. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2023;173(7-8):329–333. doi:10.1007/s10354-022-00980-9.
  21. Firnhaber JM, Powell CS. Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(6):362-369.
  22. Barnes JA, Eid MA, Creager MA, Goodney PP. Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(8):1808–1817. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314595
  23. Bhargava A, Mahakalkar C, Kshirsagar S. Understanding gangrene in the context of peripheral vascular disease: prevalence, etiology, and considerations for amputation-level determination. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e49026. doi:10.7759/cureus.49026
  24. Govsyeyev N, Nehler MR, Low Wang CC, et al. Etiology and outcomes of amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease in the EUCLID trial. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75(2):660-670.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2021.07.079
  25. Pran L, Baijoo S, Harnanan D, Slim H, Maharaj R, Naraynsingh V. Quality of life experienced by major lower extremity amputees. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17440. doi:10.7759/cureus.17440. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462540
  26. Gornik HL, Aronow HD, Goodney PP, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA Guideline for Management of Lower Extremity PAD. Circulation. 2024;149(24):e1313–e1407. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001251.
  27. Hardman RL, Jazaeri O, Yi J, Smith M, Gupta R. Overview of classification systems in peripheral artery disease. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014;31(4):378-388. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1393976
  28. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA multisociety guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(22):2098-2192. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.003
  29. Wolf H, Singh N. Using multidisciplinary teams to improve outcomes for treating chronic-limb threatening ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2024;107:37–42.
  30. Tang L, Paravastu SCV, Thomas SD, Tan E, Farmer E, Varcoe RL. Cost analysis of initial treatment with endovascular revascularization, open surgery, or primary major amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Endovasc Ther. 2018;25(4):504-511. doi:10.1177/1526602818774786
  31. Pran L, Baijoo S, Harnanan D, Slim H, Maharaj R, Naraynsingh V. Quality of Life Experienced by Major Lower Extremity Amputees. Cureus. 2021;13(8):e17440. doi:10.7759/cureus.17440.

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